Mardhatillah M, Samad D, Firdaus F. Political Transformation and the Transition of Islamic Civilization from the Classical to the Modern Era, and Islam’s Contribution to World Knowledge. TOFEDU [Internet]. 2025 Dec. 31 [cited 2026 Feb. 18];4(9):5910-22. Available from: https://journal.tofedu.or.id/index.php/journal/article/view/1379